ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the application of standardized patients in the department of otolaryngology. Methods Two otolaryngology scripts were designed and four standardized patients were trained. Ten students were offered standardized patients teaching twice. Students' and clinical teachers' feedback, as well as objective grading for each student were analyzed. Results The performance scores for all the standardized patients were o-ver 4 points(1-5 points). Standardized patients and clinical teachers have a high degree of consistency in grad-ing the students. 70%(7/10) of the students considered standardized patients' immediate comment as the most benefits. Conclusions Well trained standardized patients are competent for the role of an actor,evaluator and in-structor in teaching and assessing students. The standardized patients as a teaching component should be promoted in otolaryngology.
ABSTRACT
Microlectures have great advantages in improving the enthusiasm of medical students in self -learning be-cause of its short period and brief content,breaking through the limitations of time and space and realizing the share of educational resources.WeChat, QQ, Weibo and other communication software make daily use of micro-course possible in the education.This paper presents the content design and development model of electronic medical mi -cro-course platform,providing a theoretical basis and a model reference for the construction of electronic platform.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the net "per case" direct economic burden of osteoporotic hip fracture of in-patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), and to explore the related factors which will influence the burden of the disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data was from a retrospective questionnaire on 90 osteoporotic hip fracture in-patients of PUMCH above 50 years old from 1998 to 2002. The direct cost of fracture consisted of inpatient care, outpatient care, home care, appliance, and nutrition etc. Multiple statistics method was used to analyze the factors affecting the direct costs of disease.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average age of the studied population was 71.78 +/- 9.7 years, including 29 males and 61 females. Yearly direct economic burden for one patient of osteoporotic hip fracture was 32 776 RMB, in which hospitalization expense was 23 107 RMB, accounting for 70.5%. Factors which influencing total direct costs would include: length of hospitalization, occupation and the outcome of disease, while types of hip fracture,occupation and the length of hospitalization affecting the cost during hospitalization. The outcome of disease, length of hospitalization and rehabilitation influenced the cost during convalescence while age, type of payment and treatment, did not show significant influence on the cost of hip fracture.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Osteoporosis had become a serious public health problem among the elderly, bringing about the increase of economic burden all over the world both on social healthcare and families of the patients. Our data provided base for preventive health care or health insurance on osteoporosis.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Age of Onset , Analysis of Variance , Cost of Illness , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Hip Fractures , Diagnosis , Economics , Therapeutics , Hospitalization , Economics , Logistic Models , Osteoporosis , Diagnosis , Economics , Therapeutics , Prognosis , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
There is a closely relationship between vitamin K and osteoporosis. As a cofactor for carboxylase activity, vitamin K can facilitate the conversion of glutamyl to gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues and influence the synthesis and excretion of gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin to increase the formation of bone. Vitamin K can also effectively inhibit the absorption of bone mass. Besides, there are increasing evidences that vitamin K can effect the synthesis and excretion of nephrocalcin and interlukin-1,6 that can regulate calcium balance and bone metabolism. Meanwhile, there is a consistent line of evidence in human epidemiologic and intervention studies that clearly demonstrate that vitamin K can not only increase bone mineral density in osteoporotic people, but also reduce fracture rates to improve bony health. However more researches are required before vitamin K is widely applied in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. The American Medical Association recently has increased the dietary reference intakes of vitamin K to 90 mg/d for females and 120 mg/d for males.